かもめ食堂

Hello, everyone. It is a drama and club movie of McGill. This time (this time), so we (we) saw “Kamome Shokudo”, I will introduce to everyone (introduce). The movie, is Sachie and the story of her friend who was a Japanese restaurant open (Hira) in Helsinki. We will characters of this movie (Dongcheng person) the introduction (introduce).

There are three persons of the characters (Dongcheng person) is to “Kamome Shokudo”. Name of the people is Sachie, green, is Masako. Sachie Ms. Midori-san and Masako-san in the master of Kamome Shokudo (husband) has Tsu help that’s Sachie (s iron).

Sachie’s is the protagonist of this movie (main character). She (she) is very interesting (interesting) people have. I like to overweight (overweight) dolphin, you have to practice every night, the Aikido (Aikido). Since Sachie Mr. onigiri is I think soul food of the Japanese, in order to introduce the Japanese, and has been added to the menu.

“Mr. Sachie”

Midori-san with tourists who came from Japan (Han River visitors), we have together (If you are) in the dining room I met by chance Sachie’s. But the whole of “Gatchaman” (all) I know. Well you say Ms. Sachie “Please invite to the party of the last day of the world (identity)”.

“Midori-san”

Masako-san is the person who is staying is because I forgot the luggage to Firando. Masako-san before coming to Finland was very sad (Kana) Shii people. Masako-san with your parents for a long time (between) disease did must always be seen (cans) disease (s). But, it became very happy (happy) people are after it came to Seagull cafeteria.

“Masako”

Seagull cafeteria are happy to find the (happy) (Saga) to talk in this three persons of the characters in Helsinki (Dongcheng person) is mediocre (mediocre) life (life). After we saw this movie, “Life is not alone adventure (adventure). Lonely and become even we did not want to,” I believe. Since this movie is seen together with the family, please look this time (this time).

Word list :

1. Characters (rattan woman person):. Noun Character
2. Protagonist (main character):. Noun Main character, lead role
3. Happy (happy):. Adj Happy, blissful
4. Happy (happy):. Noun Happiness
5. For a long time (for a long time):. Noun For a long period of time
6. Chance:. Adv By chance or by accident
7. Mediocre (mediocre):. Adj Mundane, monotonous
8. Adventure (adventure):. Noun Adventure
9. My husband (my husband):. Noun Owner (of a place, restaurant, store etc.)
10. Aikido (Aikido):. Noun Aikido (Japanese martial arts)
11. Japanese (Japanese):. Noun Japanese food
12. Nursing (nursing):. Noun Take care of or look after someone who is sick
13. Lyrics (visible):. Noun Lyrics
14. Life (life):. Noun A person’s life (a period from birth to death)
15. This time (this time):. Noun This time
16. This time (this time):. Noun Near Future
17. Find it (look):. verb To find

E.3a Innate Behavior

1. To find the innate behavior, another example is whether their tendency towards the food, such as observe their movement towards the food and non-food chamber. As innate behaviors are programmed inside of the gene system where most of the species show typical patterns.

2. As the reaction time for the unscented is always lower than the reaction time for the scented reaction for all three species. Also, E.coil, has the highest reaction time in both scented and the unscented ones and T. seomet has the lowest reaction time in both scented and unscented ones among all three species. 

3. 

E.1 Reflexes

Stimulus : a change in the environment, either internal or external, that is detected by a receptor and elicits a response

Response : a change in an organism, produced by a stimulus

Reflex : a rapid unconscious response to a stimulus

Behavior : the pattern of response in an animal simplest of all is called reflex

Reflexes and Reflex arcs:

There are 5 steps for reflex arc. Taking the example of rabbit touches the stinging nettle plant for the first time with the tip of its nose, the processes are:

1.Nerve endings in the skin detect the pain caused by the stings. These cells are called pain receptors and they are nerve endings of sensory neurons

2. The sensory neurons carry impulses from the nose to the central nervous system

3. The impulses travel to the end of the sensory neurons where there are synapses with relay neurons. Messages are passed to the relay neurons by synaptic transmission

4. The relay neurons have synapses with motor neurons, which carry impulses out of the CNS to muscles

5. The messages are passed across synapses from motor neuron to muscle fibers, which contract and pull rabbit’s nose away from the nettle. It is the connections between sensory, relay and motor neurons that ensure the response is appropriate to the stimulus(co-ordination)

E.4c Neurotransmitters & Drugs

There are two types of drugs that will be covered in this unit, and they are THC and Cocaine.

THC is an inhibitory psychoactive drug that decreases synaptic transmission. Cannabinoid synapses involve post-synaptic neuronal release of endo-cannabanoid NTs. Endo-cannabanoids bind to cannabinoid receptors on pre-synaptic neurons. This modifies the pre-synaptic neuronal release of NTs. THC binds to cannabinoid receptors. This inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from the pre-synaptic neurons such as GABA. The reduction in GABA frees dopaminergic synapses from inhibition, which leads to an increase in DP(Dopamine) release in the pleasure pathway. The cannabinoid receptors are found in various brain locations. At cerebellum, THC impairs motor functions. At hippocampus, THC impairs short-term memory functions. And at Cerebral cortex, THC affects higher order thinking.

Cocaine is an excitatory psychoactive drugs that increases synaptic transmission.It stimulates transmission at synapses in the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter. It binds to membrane proteins that pump dopamine back into the pre-synaptic neurons, thus causing a build-up of dopamine in the synapse. Also cocaine excites dopaminergic synapses, normally associated with pleasure, thus producing euphoria : eating, sexual activities. It is an addictive drug. The brain adapts to regular cocaine use by reducing dopamine receptors and therefore, cocaine withdrawal often causes depression. Crack is a form of cocaine that is heated and inhaled as a vapor. It rapidly absorbed producing greater intensity of effects and greater addictive potential.

E.4b Neurotransmitters & Personality

depression is caused by deficiency of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (ST), or either of those. The psychoactive drugs can increase the level of those at synapses. Drugs does so by increasing the secretion of NE/ST from pre-synaptic neurons.At post-synaptic neurons, they suppress NE/ST which deactivate the enzymes. The inhibition of NE/ST uptake by pre-synaptic neurons. This as a result elevate the mood in normal people and alleviate depression in the chronically depressed.

schizophrenia is caused by excess of dopamine (DA). Psychoactive drugs can decrease the level of them at synapses. Pre-synaptic neurons suppress the production of Dopamine. Post-synaptic neurons increases the enzymatic deactivation of Dopamine. Afterwards, pre-synaptic neurons increases the intake of DA, and so far, this technique is the most effective agents to treat schizophrenia.

E.4a Neurotransmitter & Synapses

Inhibitory Synapses:

• Neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron causes negatively charged chloride ions to move into the postsynaptic neuron, increasing its polarization(hyper-polarization)
• Hyperpolarization : makes more difficult to depolarization of a neuron sufficiently to cause an action potential. Postsynaptic transmission is inhibited
• Examples  of inhibitory neurotransmitters : glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine

Excitatory synapses

• Neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron causes Na+ or other cations to enter the postsynaptic neurons, helping to depolarize the neuron and cause an action potential. Postsynaptic transmission is stimulated
• Example of neurotransmitters : epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

CNS 

• synapses are the sites of decision-making
• a post-synaptic neuron’s membrane potential is the summation of input from pre-synaptic neurons
  • EPSPs depolarize post-synaptic neurons
  • IPSPs hyper-polarize post-synaptic neurons
• if the post-synaptic neuron reaches threshold potential at its axon hillock, it will produce an action potential
• pre-synaptic neurons can vary in the frequency, but not intensity of their input, since action potentials are “all-or-none”

E.2b Vision: Retina

Convergence : Bipolar cells in the retina combine the impulses from groups of rod or cone cells and pass them on to ganglion cells, which is the sensory neurons of the optic nerve.

Edge Enhancement : Each ganglion cell is stimulated when light falls on a small circular area of retina called receptive field. There are two types of ganglion cell.

• In one type, the ganglion is stimulated if light falls on the center of the receptive field but this stimulation is reduced if light also falls on the periphery.
• In the other type, light falling on the periphery of the receptive field stimulates the ganglion cell, but this stimulation is reduced if light falls on the center

Both types of ganglion cell are therefore more stimulated if the edge of light/dark areas is within the receptive field. For example, White areas of the Herman grid look whiter if they are next to a black area.

Contralateral processing 

The left and right optic nerves meet at a structure called optic chiasma. Here all the neurons that are carrying impulses from the half of the retina nearest to the nose cross over to the opposite optic nerve. As a result the left optic nerve carries information from the right half of the field of vision and vice versa. This allows the vrain to deduce distances and sizes.

E.2c Ears

The sound of the ear is perceived through the following process : ear drum, bones of middle ear, oval window and hair cells in cochlea.

eardrum

• sound waves cause eardrum to vibrate towards and away from middle ear
• eardrum transmits mechanical vibration of air molecules to middle ear

bones of middle ear

• ossicles = series of very small bones
  • 1st attached to eardrum
  • 3rd attached to oval window
  • muscles attached to ossicles protect from loud sound
    • by contracting to damp down vibrations
• amplify sound x20 by acting as levers:
  • reduce sound wave amplitude
  • increase sound wave force
  • oval window’s small size relative to eardrum increases amplification

oval window:

• transmits sound waves to the fluid filling the cochlea
  • cochlea is a fluid-filled tube coiled into a spiral shape
    • fluid is incompressible
  • round window responds to movements in oval window
    • maintaining constant volume of fluid
  • fluid in cochlea vibrates in response to oval window vibrations

hair cells in cochlea:

• hair cells stretch from hair cell membrane to cochlear tube membrane
  • hair bundles vibrate in response to sound waves traveling through cochlear fluid
• each hair cell resonates in response to specific wavelengths of sound
  • due to gradual gradations in width and thickness of cochlear membrane
• when hair bundles vibrate, hair cells transmit action potentials
  • synapse with auditory nerve
  • travel to auditory cortex in brain

 

E.2a Perception of Stimuli

The stimuli is detected by receptors. In humans, there are 4 main receptors which are :

Mechanoreceptors : They perceive the movements such as pressure changes, vibrations

Chemoreceptors : Perceive the chemical substances

Thermoreceptors : Perceive the heat and temperature, such as skin perceive the cold and heat, and also in hypothalamus monitor the temperature of the blood(which connects back to the homeostasis)

Photoreceptors perceive the electromagnetic radiation, usually light, the example is the rod and cone cells in the retina

Rod and Cone cells

Rod cells – very sensitive to light. It works well in the dim light but in the bright light, all the pigments are temporarily bleached  thus they do not work. Cone cells– absorb the visible wavelength of light, but then it does not distinguish  the different colors and thus it always gives white or black vision

Rod cell – single impulse, cannot distinguish which rod absorb the light. Cone cell – send impulse to the brain via individual neuron. Three types of cones, absorb red, blue and green. They have the certain amount to be stimulated, and thus the brain can tell precisely determined the color of the light. However they are only stimulated in the bright light and the color vision in the dim light won’t work

 

6.5b: Homeostasis – Glucose Regulation

1a. The concentration of the glucose in the diabetic person is much higher than unaffected ones. While the concentration of the glucose at diabetic person before the glucose drink is approximately 150mg 100cm^-3, the unaffected individuals have around 70mg 100cm^-3.

1b. Diabetic individuals takes much longer time to return to the concentration of glucose at zero level. The unaffected individuals takes around 3 hours, the diabetic individuals take around 5 hours to return to their zero level glucose concentration

1c. Unaffected individuals takes faster and the maximum concentration of glucose level is not so high(150mg 100cm^-3). However the glucose concentration in diabetic individuals are much higher(approx. 400mg 100cm^-3) and longer to reach

1d. After 2 hours, the glucose concentration of Diabetic individuals starts to decrease while in the unaffected individuals, it takes around 1 hour. The diabetic individuals takes longer to observe the drop of the glucose level compare to the unaffected individual